The pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) persists in remote lakes at concerning levels half a century after it was banned, according to the findings of a study undertaken by a multi-university research team.
“The lesson from our study is that pesticide use can result in persistent and permanent changes in aquatic ecosystems,” said Karen Kidd, a professor at McMaster University and the study’s co-author.
Between 1950 and 1970, prior to legal restrictions, DDT insecticides were widely applied to eastern North American forests to manage naturally occurring insect outbreaks, such as spruce budworm.
“What was considered yesterday’s environmental crisis in the 1950s through 1970s remains today’s problem,” said Josh Kurek, assistant professor in geography and environment at Mount Allison University and the study’s lead author. “Decades of intense insecticide applications to our conifer forests have left a lasting mark on these lakes—and likely many others in eastern North America.”
The study looked at dated sediments from the bottom of five remote lakes located within different watersheds in north-central New Brunswick, Canada. Lake sediments provide a well-recognized and powerful archive of environmental conditions, which allows researchers to assess chemical and biological conditions in lakes before, during, and after pesticide use.
Historical trends in the lake sediments mirrored the known use of this pesticide in the province, with high levels of DDT in sediment layers from the 1960s and 70s. Levels of DDT in lake sediments were among the highest found in previously-sprayed areas of Canada and the U.S., suggesting very intensive past use of pesticides for spruce budworm control.
Surprisingly, DDT and its toxic breakdown products are still very high in modern sediments—above levels where harmful biological effects tend to occur. Additionally, an important invertebrate within lake food webs, the small water flea Daphnia sp., has declined substantially, often coincident with increased DDT. Loss of Daphnia sp. often negatively impacts lake food webs. These impacts may lead to greater algae production and fewer prey for fish.
“We have learned a lot of tough lessons from the heavy use of DDT in agriculture and forestry. The biggest one is that this pesticide was concentrated through food webs to levels that caused widespread raptor declines in North America,” Kidd said.
Funding for the research was provided by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and Mount Allison University.
The study is available on Environmental Science & Technology’s website.
